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Several people grew out of the Steppe Crucible. One of these were the Turkic Tatars, one of the nin-Mongol people that originally inhabited the Mongolian plain. The principal non Mongol ethnic group in Mongolia today are the ethnic Turkic speaking Kazakhs. Thre are also small numbers of Tuvan, Khoton, Chantuu, and Tsaatan. These are all people of Turkic origin, but speak Mongolian. Modern Mongolia comprises only part of the Mongolian plain which once had a more diverse population, including many Trukic peoples. The Turkic Tartars are another people that grew out if the Steppe Crucuble. They were once an important ethic group on the MOngolian plateau vying with the Mongols and other peoples for grazing lands. The term 'Tatar' was first noted on the Kul Tigin monument.
The Tatars were still one of the five major tribal confederations (khanlig) in the Mongolian plateau (12th century). They were involved in Genghis Kjan's rise to power. Subsequently the gepgraphic locus of the Tartars began shifting west. This process was completed in modern times by the Russians. As the Russian Empire spread east into Asia, at about the sme time America expanded West (19th century), they pushed most of the Kazakhs to neighboring countries leaving what is now Mongolia primarily occupied by ethnic Mongols. The Middle jüz Kazakhs were allowed to settle in Mongolia, Bayan-Ölgii Province (1860s).
Sev eral people grew out of the Steppe Crucible. One of these were the Turkic Tatars, one of the nin-Mongol people that originally inhabited the Mongolian plain. The principal non Mongol ethnic group in Mongolia today are the ethnic Turkic speaking Kazakhs. Thre are also small numbers of Tuvan, Khoton, Chantuu, and Tsaatan. These are all people of Turkic origin, but speak Mongolian.
Vast grasslands spread inland from the coastal hills of northeastern China. These vast greassland are bordered on the north by boreal forests of southern Siberia and on tge south by the Gobi Desert abd Tibet. The greass lands are temperte and productive during summer, but cold and wind swept during the harsh winters. The grasslates supported various wild ungulates such as horses, camels, and gazelle. With human settlemebt, vast populations of domesticated herd amimnals like horses, sheep, and goats replaced the wild populations. he Steppe tribes competed for the best grazing areas.
Modern Mongolia comprises only part of the Mongolian plain which once had a more diverse population, including many Trukic peoples. The Turkic Tartars are another people that grew out if the Steppe Crucuble. They were once an important ethic group on the MOngolian plateau vying with the Mongols and other peoples for grazing lands.
The Turkic and Mongolian people were related and spoke a common language. For centurices, Turkic Confederations depminated the Mongolian Plain and Asian Steppe. The Tartars as a separate tribe were also called the Xiongnu tribe. The Tatars appear to have been first reported in the north-eastern Gobi (5th century AD). The term 'Tatar' was first noted on the Kul Tigin monument (8th century). The Tatars were subjecated to the Khitan Liao Dynasty (10th century). After the fall of the Chinese Liao Dynasty, the Tatars began experiencing pressure from the Jin Dynasty to to fight the other Mongol tribes. The Tatars by this time were living on the fertile pastures around the lakes Hulun and Buir and controlled a trade route to China (12th century).
The Tatars were still one of the five major tribal confederations (khanlig) on the Mongolian plateau (12th century). They were involved in Genghis Kjan's rise to power. Temujin who took the name Gnnghis Kahn gained power over his oen clan and then tribe. Finally he united the Mongols in aowerful tribal confederation. After Genghis emerged victorious and firmly astablished the Mongol Empire, he subjcated the Tatars anf other tribes to his rule. The Tartars and other nomadic groups became part of Genghis' Mongol army (early-13th century,). This began a fusion of Mongol and Turkic tribal elements. As a result when Genghis moved west, the European population could not descriminate between Trukic and Mongol elements. The population of Rus and the Pannonian (Carphatian) Basin referred to them as Tatars or Tartars. The Mongols under Batu Khan conquered the Slavs in Russia and the Ukraine (1237). The Mongol Empire at the time stretched from the Poland to China and the Black Sea to Siberia. After the death of Genghis, the Mongol Empire broke up despite his plan to prevent just that. When Genghis' grandson Batu Khan seized control of the Empire, the Tartars began moved westwards off the Mongolian Plateau. Many other Turkic people gravitated westward with them Toward the Russian/Ukranian Steppe west of the Urals. (The Tatar clan still exists among the Mongols and Hazaras in modern Mongolia, but they are numerically only a small part of the population.) With the breakup of the Mongol Empire, the Tatars became identified as the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire--the Golden Horde. Kubilai ruled China as the Great Khan (the Yüan dynasty). The southwest or neareast became the khanate of the Il-khan Khante. The Mongol center on the Mongolian Plain became the Chagatai Khante. The gradually became undependent, but maintained genrally friendly relations alowing trade to funbction, mist notably the fabulous Silk Road.
Subsequently the gepgraphic locus of the Tartars began shifting west. This process began during the Mongol Empire era primarily after the death o Genghis. The process of shifting west was was largely completed in modern times by the Russians. As the Russian Empire spread east into Asia, at about the sme time America expanded West (19th century), they pushed most of the Kazakhs to neighboring countries leaving what is now Mongolia primarily occupied by ethnic Mongols. The Middle jüz Kazakhs were allowed to settle in Mongolia, Bayan-Ölgii Province (1860s).
Unlike many ethnic terms, the term Tartar has a range of meanings. It initially reffered to apecific people on the Mongolian plain. The Russians and other Europeans began using the term to describe both the Mongols and Turkic Steppe peoples when adopted Islam. The Russians began using the term Tartar to refer to all of the Turkic or Mongolic people which they encountered to the south and east. Thus tge apelage becamne fixed on the Turkic Muslims of Ukraine and Russia, meaning the descendants of Muslim Volga Bulgars, Kipchaks, and Cumans, and Turkicized Mongols or Turko-Mongols (Nogais), as well as other Turkic-speaking Muslim peoples: Siberian Tatars, Qasim Tatars, Mishar Tatars) in the territory of the Tsarist.
The most important Tartar group was the Golden Horde. The name refeered to the fact that the Mongol ruling elite came from the 'Golden Family' of Genghis. Hordedid not have its modern mening, but was derived from Mongol. It was Genghis' granson Batu Khan, who advanced far into eastern Europe and established the rule of the Golden Horde in Russia (1251). This had a huge impact on Russia as it essentislly separated Russia culturaly from Europe duriung a critical period. Alexander Newski in the north around Novgorod managed to retain a degree of autonomy. The Mongols used Novgorad to collect tribute from the Russians. Thus would prove to be the foundation of the Tsarist state. While the Golden Horde (Золотая Орда) began as a Mongol khanate, it evolved into a Turkicized khanate (13th century). They controled the western sector of the huge Mongol Empire. This included Novogorod/Muscovy or modern northwestern Russia and areas if Eastern Europe, including Poland. . Batu Khan died (1255). Nogai's insurection resulted in a minor civil war (late-1290s). Even so the dynasty continued to a powerful firce for a century (until 1359). The Horde's military power was at its peak during the reign of Uzbeg (1312–41). They eventually became indeondent of the Mongols. It was Uzbeg who forsake the traditional animistic religion for Islan. At the time, the Horde controlled a huge empire from the Urals west to the Danube and at times east to Siberia and south to the Black Sea and the Caucasuses, bordering on the Mongol Ilkhanate. Internal revolts broke tge Horde apart and was only briefly reunited under Tokhtamysh (1381). Tammerlane invaded (1396). The result was to break the Horde into several smaller Tatar khanates. And they gradually declined in power over time. The Horde finall began tgo desintegrate (early-15th century). It began to be called the Great Horde (1433) which splintred into small Turkic khanates: Kazan, Astrakhan and the Crimea. With this decline, the northern Slavic vassal state of Muscony was anle to win its indeoendence from the weakened Trtars. (1480). Russian history describes this as destroying the 'Tatar Yoke'. This occurred at the Great stand on the Ugra River. The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate, the final renamests of the Golden Horde, persisted in a reduced existence for several more centurues in the south and southeast (1783 and 1847).
The Tartars coverted to Islam (14th century).
The ethnic Tatars formed the Turkic-speaking population of Tartary. This was the area to the west of the Mongolian Plain to which Turkic people emigrated begnning during the Mongol Empire. As a result of the Mongol Era, they were ruled by Mongol elites (14th century) until their conquest by the Russian Empire (18th to 19th centuries). Europeans referred to Lesser (European) Tartary and Greater (Asian) Tartary. These were geogrphic not political referencs. There are, however, actual cultural groups who have at times suceded in establishing political units. The largest Tatar group are the Volga Tatars. They are native to the Volga region (Tatarstan and Bashkortostan). As the Volga Tartars are by far he largest, the Russians often just refer to them just as 'Tatars'. They speak a Turkic language now called the Turkic language. The Russians estimate the population at 6 million. There are other smaller Tartar groups, the most important of these are the Crimean Tartars. Their language can be understood by the Volga Tartars. The various Tartar groups were absirbed into the Tsarist Empire and with the Russian Revolution and Cuvil War, also the Soviet Union.
The ethnic Tatars formed the Turkic-speaking population of Tartary. This was the area to the west of the Mongolian Plain to which Turkic people emigrated begnning during the Mongol Empire. As a result of the Mongol Era, they were ruled by Mongol elites (14th century). As the Mongol Empire splintered, the north western part of the Empire becane the Goldren Horde which evolved into a huge Turkic Khanate. Gradually the Golren Horde splintered into smaller Khanates which lost control of Eastern Europr, including Muscovyv which devolped into modern Russia.
The Tatar people in the Russian Empire were the Turkic tribes that burst upon China, the Middle East, and Europe under Ghengis Kahn during the Middle Ages. The Russians broke the Mongol-Tatar yoke (1480). Europeans referred to Lesser (European) Tartary and Greater (Asian) Tartary. These were geogrphic not political referencs. Tsar Ivan IV conquered the two great Tatar khanates of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556). Tsarina Catherine finally conquered the the Crimean Khanate (1783). Katherine saw Islam as a more suitable religion than Orthodox Christianity for civilizing her Asian conquests. The largest Tatar group are the Volga Tatars. They are native to the Volga region (Tatarstan and Bashkortostan). As the Volga Tartars are by far he largest, the Russians often just refer to them just as 'Tatars'. They speak a Turkic language now called the Turkic language. The Russians estimate the population at 6 million. There are other smaller Tartar groups, the most important of these are the Crimean Tartars. Their language can be understood by the Volga Tartars. The various Tartar groups were absirbed into the Tsarist Empire and with the Russian Revolution and Civil War, also the Soviet Union. The Volga Tatars became the leaders of Russian Islam and and played an important role in the development of the Russian Empire’s backward Asian regions. As a result, a prosperous Tatar merchant class developed in the Tsarist Empite. There was a notable level of urbanization and assimilation as well as a diaspora throughout the Empire. There was fierce fighting in Tartar areas during the Russian Civil War. The Bolsheviks finally prevailed in what might be called Tataria. The Bolsheviks established the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) (1920).
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