Figure 1.--.
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Figure 1.--. |
We have no information at this time on the organization and grade levels in Austro-Hungarian Empire schools. The Empire fell in 1918 as a consequence of World War I. Since the Anchluss in 1938 just before World War I, the school system in Germany and Austria has been practicly the same. There were a lot of changes in the 1960s. There are Kindergardens, but they are not compulsory. They are now two levels of primary school in Austria. Primary school continuesto be called Volksschule. The basic level is called Grundschuleand the advanced level is called Hauptschule. Secondary schools include the Gymnasium and Berufsschule.
We have no information at this time on the organization and grade levels in Austro-Hungarian Empire schools. The Empire fell in 1918 as a consequence of World War I. One issue of importance here was the language of instruction. After the creation of the dual monarchy, I believes classes in Hungary were conducyed in Hungarian along with intensive instructin of German. I am less sure about the various Balkan provinces and Bohemia (Czecheslovakia).
Since the Anchluss in 1938 just before World War I, the school system in Germany and Austria has been practicly the same. There was considerable sentiment in both Germany and Austria after World War I to join the two German-speaking states. France adamently refused. Hitler after seizing power revived the issues. Austrain NAZIs were encouraged to promote the idea. Hitler and Austrian NAZIs throughout 1937 demanded an Anschluss with Austria. Belaegered Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg on March 9, 1938, announced plans to hold a plebiscite on the independence of Austria. Hitler used this opportunity to take action against the Austrian State. The NAZIs with the Wehrmacht on the border pressed Schuschnigg was pressed to resign. The NAZI surrogate, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, took over the chancellorship and formed a new government dominated by the Austrian NAZIs. The German Wehrmacht and the SS, armed with list of NAZI opponents, crossed the German-Austrian frontier. Hitler on March 13, speaking before a jubilent crowd in Linz, announced the "Anschluss" (Annexation) of Austria into the German Reich. Joyous celebrations occurred throught Austria. Even while the celebrations were going on, the SS and local NAZIs
began rounding up those who had opposed the NAZIs. Violence occured against the Jews. Jewish students and professors were attacked in universities. Jews at random were dragged into the streets to scrub the sidewalks on their hands and knees--surounded by taunting crowds.
The Anchluss made Austria part og Hitler's Third Reich. We do not have details at this time, however, on organizational changes made to the Austrian educational ststem during the NAZI era.
The Austrian and German school systemsafter the War were very similar. There were Kindergardens, but they are not compulsory. They are two levels of primary school in Austria. Primary school is called the Volksschule. The basic level is called Grundschule. Secondary schools include the Gymnasium and Berufsschule.
They are no public school for children less 6 years old. Small schools are available in cities and villages, often opeated by churches. These schools are called der Kindergarten. In the 1950s they were only two classes mothers named them die Knirpsclasse. Today in Austria they are three classes for children from 3-5 years old. These Kindergarten classes are not compulsory.
An Austrian child at age 6 entered a public or private primary school called die Volksschule. Home schooling at this time was virtually unknown in Austria. In the 1950s, school was made compulsory for all children untill 14 years old. They were 9 class levels, from classe 1 (6 years old) to classe 9 (14 years old).
The most academically clever pupils (about 20 percent) were selected in class 6 and entered the Gymnasium, rather like a British grammar school. When the other children reached 14 years old, they could either begin working or enter in a " eine Berufsschule ".
In the 1950s the children could have several other activities in the afternoon, such as music, theater expression, and sports.
It must be noted that in this period Austria had a lot of difficulties politically and ecomomic. Following World War II, Austria was occupied by the Allies and split into an Soviet and Western zone. Only in 1953 after the Soviets withdrew was Austria united.
Some German terms used in Austria may be useful.
Boys = Buben
Girls = Mädchen
Diploma secondary = Matura
Major changes were made in Austrian schools during the 1960s.
They are two levels of primary education in the same school. These two schools , Grundschule and Hauptschule still are called by the people Volksschule. The Austrian name the class levels die Stufen. the children start with the " die Grundschule " for 4 years
and then with the " Hauptschule " for 2 years. Austrian Grundschule begins with Classe 1 (6 years old) through Classe 4 (9 years old). The academic program is persued throughout the day. The program is the same for all the Austrian children. Austrian Hauptschule has two year levels: Classe 5 (10 yeras old) and Classe 6 (11 years old). The main academic subjects are taught in the morning. The children can choose other elective subjects for the afternoon, according their capabilities and future academic plans. The most academically capable children are are selected in class 6 and can enter the Gymnasium. The other children can later enter in the " Realschule " or in a " Berufsschule "
Secondary school starts with Classe 7 (12 years old) and continues until Classe 13 (18 years old). The students that graduatecfrom the Gymnasium receive a diploma called " die Matura". The term " das Abitur " is also used.
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