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Figure 1.--This photo was taken in 1898 shows five young Hopi boys with a donkey. The Hopi like most other Native Americans living in reservations were among the poorest people in America. One factor is the arid lands that comporise the Black Mesa Reservation. Another factor is the fact that most reservation Native Americans like the Hopi are between two cultures. The reservation allows them timaintain tribal traditions. But not embracing mainstream American culture, especially getting a good education, means that they have difficulty finding good paying jobs. 㰀⼀琀搀㸀
The history of the Hopi begins about 500 BC. The Hopi are thought to have migrated north from Mexico. At this time they were a hunter-gathering people. They were organized in small bands with little political cohesion. They were notable for their pit houses. Over time they became a more settled people, subsisting on corn-based agriculture 700 AD). The Hopi staple was a small, blue ear type of corn well adapted to the arid southwestern climate. This required careful water management. The Hopi utilized runoff from the mesas. As agriculture developed, there was a concomitant social change. Small bands were appropriate for hunter-gathering in the resource-poor southwest. The increased production from agriculture could support larger populations. And to conduct agriculture, a greater level of social organization was needed. We begin to see larger situated on top of prominant mesas. And as the populations grew, the Hopi became increasingly dependant on agriculture. The Hopi were generally seen as a sub-trible of the Pueblo because of the cultural similarities. The Hopi, however, spoke a different language than the Pueblo. The Hopi language is distantly related to the Aztec language--Nahuatl. We are not sure at this time about Hopi contacts with the Aztecs and other advances peoples of Meso-America. 㰀戀爀㸀
Mexico achieved its independence from Spain (1824). This meant that southwest was now in Mexican lands, but Mexico only had limited control over large areas of the lightly populated southwest. Attacks from the Navajo continued. The Mexican era, howeve, was very brief.㰀戀爀㸀
United States (1846- )
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He estanlishef headquarters in Santa Fe and had responsibility for all Native Americans in the area. His primary policy was to get Native Anericans ti negotiate treaties with the U.S. government rather thab acceoging the guarantees provided Mexican citizens in the Treaty og Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848). President Filmore woukd give him addituinal authority when he apponted Calhoun Territorial Govenor. The American population in the Territory was very small and there were few cintacys with the Hopi. The initial formal contact was when seven Hopi leaders traveled to Santa Fe to meet with Calhoun (18500. There primary concern was protection against the Navajo
Calhoun responded by helping to establish Fort Defiance in what is now Arizona (1851). This placed troops in Navajo country, in part to the protect the Hopi. General James J. Carleton, with Kit Carson as scout, was ordered to travel through the area. They arrested many Navajo natives and detained them in the fort. The Navajo describe this as the Long Walk. This provided Hopi a short period when they were no longer terrorized by Navajo attacks. The Mormans had founded Utah (1847). Once established, they attempt to convert the Hopi to Mormanism. The first missionary was Jacob Hamblin. He traveled to Hopi country (1858). He developed good relations with the Hopi. The firt Morman church was built (1875). After the Civil War (1861-65) the United States as more American settlers moved west began taking an increasingly aggressive approach with the Western tribes. The United States demanded Hopi lands (1870). A war ensued in which the Hopi were defeated. The U.S. pacified the area and established the Black Mesa Reservation for the Hopi (1882). Problems with the more aggressive Navaho who encroached on traditional Hopi lands. The Black Mesa Reservation assigned to the Hopi was located in northeast Arizona is completely surrounded by the Navajo Reservation. This was a much reduced area from their traditional lands.