਀㰀栀琀洀氀㸀 ਀⨀⨀ ethnic clothing and costume: Native American tribes Hopi history਀㰀氀椀渀欀 爀攀氀㴀∀愀瀀瀀氀攀ⴀ琀漀甀挀栀ⴀ椀挀漀渀∀ 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀椀洀愀最攀昀⼀最椀昀⼀昀愀瘀椀挀漀渀栀⸀椀挀漀∀㸀 ਀㰀䴀䔀吀䄀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀䐀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀∀ 䌀伀一吀䔀一吀㴀∀吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 氀椀欀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 一愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀猀 椀渀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 渀漀眀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 愀 瀀爀攀ⴀ氀椀琀攀爀愀琀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀⸀  刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀攀爀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 愀瘀氀攀 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 猀漀洀攀 戀愀猀椀挀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀甀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀爀挀栀攀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 愀渀琀栀爀漀瀀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀⸀  䐀一䄀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀攀氀氀 甀猀 洀漀爀攀⸀  吀栀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 爀攀挀漀爀搀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 漀渀氀礀 戀攀最椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 愀渀搀 攀砀瀀氀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 氀椀欀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 一愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀氀礀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀爀爀椀瘀愀氀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀猀攀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀⸀  圀椀琀栀椀渀 漀渀氀礀 搀攀挀愀搀攀猀 漀昀 䌀漀氀甀洀戀甀猀✀ 瘀漀礀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 䌀漀渀焀甀椀猀琀愀搀漀爀攀猀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 倀甀攀戀氀漀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀猀 ⠀㄀㔀㐀 ⤀⸀  吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 戀攀最愀渀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 愀 昀椀最栀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 戀漀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 一愀瘀栀漀⸀  吀栀攀甀爀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀 眀愀猀 琀漀 洀漀瘀攀 椀渀琀漀 洀漀爀攀 爀攀洀漀琀攀 愀爀攀愀猀 愀渀搀 戀甀椀氀搀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀攀搀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀⸀  匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 戀甀椀氀琀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 搀攀猀琀爀漀礀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 刀攀瘀漀氀琀⸀  吀栀攀 爀攀洀漀琀攀 椀渀栀漀猀瀀椀琀愀氀 氀愀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀洀愀氀氀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 戀攀猀琀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀  吀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 眀愀猀 琀爀甀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 䴀攀砀椀挀愀渀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀挀攀⸀  吀栀攀 攀砀瀀愀渀搀椀渀最 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 䌀椀瘀椀氀 圀愀爀⸀  䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀椀攀猀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䈀氀愀挀欀 一攀猀愀 刀攀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀⸀   圀椀琀栀 瀀栀漀琀漀猀 愀渀搀 琀攀砀琀⸀ ∀㸀 ਀㰀䴀䔀吀䄀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀䬀攀礀圀漀爀搀猀∀ 䌀伀一吀䔀一吀㴀∀唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀Ⰰ 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀Ⰰ 戀漀礀Ⰰ 戀漀礀猀Ⰰ 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀Ⰰ 猀挀栀漀漀氀 甀渀椀昀漀爀洀Ⰰ 最愀爀洀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 挀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀Ⰰ 昀愀猀栀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䠀漀瀀椀Ⰰ 一愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀Ⰰ 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 琀爀椀戀攀Ⰰ 琀爀椀戀攀猀Ⰰ 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 ∀㸀 ਀㰀䴀䔀吀䄀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀刀伀䈀伀吀匀∀ 䌀伀一吀䔀一吀㴀∀䄀䰀䰀∀㸀 ਀㰀⼀䠀䔀䄀䐀㸀 ਀ ਀
਀㰀戀爀㸀 ਀㰀戀爀㸀
਀㰀䠀刀㸀
਀㰀戀爀㸀

The Hopi: History

਀ ਀   㰀琀戀漀搀礀㸀 ਀              㰀琀搀㸀
਀                           㰀琀戀漀搀礀㸀 ਀                                       㰀琀搀㸀 ਀㰀栀爀㸀 Figure 1.--This photo was taken in 1898 shows five young Hopi boys with a donkey. The Hopi like most other Native Americans living in reservations were among the poorest people in America. One factor is the arid lands that comporise the Black Mesa Reservation. Another factor is the fact that most reservation Native Americans like the Hopi are between two cultures. The reservation allows them timaintain tribal traditions. But not embracing mainstream American culture, especially getting a good education, means that they have difficulty finding good paying jobs.਀                                        㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀                            㰀⼀琀戀漀搀礀㸀
਀                㰀⼀琀搀㸀 ਀      㰀⼀琀戀漀搀礀㸀 ਀ ਀㰀瀀㸀  吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 氀椀欀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 一愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀猀 椀渀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 渀漀眀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 愀 瀀爀攀ⴀ氀椀琀攀爀愀琀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀⸀  刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀攀爀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 愀瘀氀攀 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 猀漀洀攀 戀愀猀椀挀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀甀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀爀挀栀攀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 愀渀琀栀爀漀瀀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀⸀  䐀一䄀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀攀氀氀 甀猀 洀漀爀攀⸀  吀栀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 爀攀挀漀爀搀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 漀渀氀礀 戀攀最椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 愀渀搀 攀砀瀀氀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 氀椀欀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 一愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀氀礀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀爀爀椀瘀愀氀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀猀攀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀⸀  圀椀琀栀椀渀 漀渀氀礀 搀攀挀愀搀攀猀 漀昀 䌀漀氀甀洀戀甀猀✀ 瘀漀礀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 䌀漀渀焀甀椀猀琀愀搀漀爀攀猀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 倀甀攀戀氀漀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀猀 ⠀㄀㔀㐀 ⤀⸀  吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 戀攀最愀渀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 愀 昀椀最栀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 戀漀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 一愀瘀栀漀⸀  吀栀攀甀爀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀 眀愀猀 琀漀 洀漀瘀攀 椀渀琀漀 洀漀爀攀 爀攀洀漀琀攀 愀爀攀愀猀 愀渀搀 戀甀椀氀搀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀攀搀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀⸀  匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 戀甀椀氀琀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 搀攀猀琀爀漀礀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 刀攀瘀漀氀琀⸀  吀栀攀 爀攀洀漀琀攀 椀渀栀漀猀瀀椀琀愀氀 氀愀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀洀愀氀氀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 戀攀猀琀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀  吀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 眀愀猀 琀爀甀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 䴀攀砀椀挀愀渀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀挀攀⸀  吀栀攀 攀砀瀀愀渀搀椀渀最 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 䌀椀瘀椀氀 圀愀爀⸀  䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀椀攀猀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䈀氀愀挀欀 一攀猀愀 刀攀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀⸀  
਀㰀栀㈀㸀倀爀攀ⴀ栀椀猀琀漀爀礀㰀⼀栀㈀㸀

The history of the Hopi begins about 500 BC. The Hopi are thought to have migrated north from Mexico. At this time they were a hunter-gathering people. They were organized in small bands with little political cohesion. They were notable for their pit houses. Over time they became a more settled people, subsisting on corn-based agriculture 700 AD). The Hopi staple was a small, blue ear type of corn well adapted to the arid southwestern climate. This required careful water management. The Hopi utilized runoff from the mesas. As agriculture developed, there was a concomitant social change. Small bands were appropriate for hunter-gathering in the resource-poor southwest. The increased production from agriculture could support larger populations. And to conduct agriculture, a greater level of social organization was needed. We begin to see larger situated on top of prominant mesas. And as the populations grew, the Hopi became increasingly dependant on agriculture. The Hopi were generally seen as a sub-trible of the Pueblo because of the cultural similarities. The Hopi, however, spoke a different language than the Pueblo. The Hopi language is distantly related to the Aztec language--Nahuatl. We are not sure at this time about Hopi contacts with the Aztecs and other advances peoples of Meso-America. ਀㰀戀爀㸀

The Spanish (1540-1824)

਀㰀瀀㸀 吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 氀椀欀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 一愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀氀礀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀爀爀椀瘀愀氀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀猀攀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀⸀  䌀漀爀漀渀愀搀漀 氀攀搀 愀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 䌀漀渀焀甀椀猀琀愀搀漀爀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 䴀攀砀椀挀漀 椀渀琀漀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 渀漀眀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀  猀漀甀琀栀眀攀猀琀 ⠀㄀㔀㐀 ⤀⸀  吀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 眀攀爀攀 愀琀琀爀愀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 洀礀琀栀猀 漀昀 䔀氀 䐀漀爀愀搀漀⸀  䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 䌀漀爀漀渀愀搀漀✀猀 洀攀渀 挀愀琀愀椀渀攀搀 戀礀 倀攀搀爀漀 搀攀 吀漀瘀愀爀 琀栀愀琀 昀椀爀猀琀 攀渀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀⸀  䌀漀爀漀渀愀搀漀 眀愀猀 愀挀挀漀瀀愀渀椀攀搀 戀礀 䌀愀琀栀漀氀椀挀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 椀渀琀攀渀琀 漀渀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 一愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀猀⸀  䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 昀椀渀搀 最漀氀搀 琀栀攀礀 猀漀甀最栀琀 漀琀栀攀爀 眀愀礀猀 漀昀 攀砀瀀氀漀椀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀⸀  吀栀攀 椀渀栀漀猀瀀椀琀愀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 氀愀渀搀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀⸀  伀琀栀攀爀 琀爀椀戀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 愀昀昀攀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 椀渀挀甀爀猀椀漀渀猀⸀  吀栀攀 一愀瘀愀樀漀 椀渀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 昀椀最栀琀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 愀氀猀漀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 愀琀琀愀挀欀猀 漀渀 䠀漀瀀椀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀⸀  吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀甀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 愀 氀漀渀最ⴀ琀攀爀洀 猀琀爀甀最最氀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀⸀  吀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 䠀漀瀀椀 氀愀渀搀猀 ⠀㄀㘀㈀㤀⤀⸀  吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 䠀漀瀀椀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 愀琀 䄀眀愀琀漀戀椀Ⰰ 伀爀愀椀戀椀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 匀栀漀渀最漀瀀漀瘀椀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀⸀  䠀漀瀀椀 眀愀爀 瀀愀爀琀椀攀猀 搀攀猀琀爀漀礀攀搀 琀栀攀猀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀愀琀 刀攀瘀漀氀琀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 ⠀㄀㘀㠀 ⤀⸀  吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀琀 䄀眀愀琀漀戀椀 椀渀瘀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 戀愀挀欀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀琀琀愀挀欀攀搀 愀渀搀 搀攀猀琀爀漀礀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀⸀  䘀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 琀栀攀 刀攀瘀漀氀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 昀攀愀爀椀渀最 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 爀攀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀 戀攀最愀渀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最 洀漀爀攀 猀攀挀甀爀攀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀⸀  吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀戀愀渀搀漀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀漀爀攀 愀挀挀攀猀愀戀氀攀 昀漀漀琀栀椀氀氀猀 愀渀搀 戀甀椀氀琀 渀攀眀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀 漀渀 洀漀爀攀 爀攀洀漀琀攀 洀攀猀愀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 攀愀猀椀攀爀 琀漀 昀椀最栀琀 漀昀昀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 爀愀椀搀猀⸀  吀栀攀 䠀愀渀漀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀 眀愀猀 戀甀椀氀琀 戀礀 琀栀攀 吀攀眀愀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀⸀  吀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 昀氀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 刀椀漀 䜀爀愀渀搀攀 瘀愀氀氀攀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 洀愀渀愀最攀搀 琀漀 挀漀渀焀甀攀爀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 ⠀㄀㜀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⤀⸀  伀渀攀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀渀搀 一愀瘀愀樀漀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 最漀氀搀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀爀攀 洀漀爀攀 漀爀 氀攀猀猀 氀攀昀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀⸀  䘀攀眀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 猀攀琀琀氀攀爀猀 洀漀瘀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 愀爀攀愀 愀渀搀 琀栀甀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀攀爀爀攀 昀攀眀 挀漀渀昀氀椀挀琀猀⸀  
਀㰀栀㈀㸀䴀攀砀椀挀漀 ⠀㄀㠀㈀㐀ⴀ㐀㘀⤀㰀⼀栀㈀㸀

Mexico achieved its independence from Spain (1824). This meant that southwest was now in Mexican lands, but Mexico only had limited control over large areas of the lightly populated southwest. Attacks from the Navajo continued. The Mexican era, howeve, was very brief.਀㰀戀爀㸀

United States (1846- )

਀㰀瀀㸀 吀栀攀 䴀攀砀椀挀愀渀ⴀ䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 圀愀爀 ⠀㄀㠀㐀㐀ⴀ㐀㘀⤀ 爀攀猀甀氀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀琀栀眀攀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀⸀  倀爀攀椀搀攀渀琀 倀漀氀欀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 䨀愀洀攀猀 匀⸀ 䌀愀氀栀漀甀渀Ⰰ 愀 唀⸀匀⸀ 䄀爀洀礀 挀漀氀漀渀攀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 䄀昀昀愀椀爀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 匀漀甀琀栀眀攀猀琀 吀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀礀 ⠀㄀㠀㐀㤀⤀⸀   He estanlishef headquarters in Santa Fe and had responsibility for all Native Americans in the area. His primary policy was to get Native Anericans ti negotiate treaties with the U.S. government rather thab acceoging the guarantees provided Mexican citizens in the Treaty og Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848). President Filmore woukd give him addituinal authority when he apponted Calhoun Territorial Govenor. The American population in the Territory was very small and there were few cintacys with the Hopi. The initial formal contact was when seven Hopi leaders traveled to Santa Fe to meet with Calhoun (18500. There primary concern was protection against the Navajo਀ ਀ Calhoun responded by helping to establish Fort Defiance in what is now Arizona (1851). This placed troops in Navajo country, in part to the protect the Hopi. General James J. Carleton, with Kit Carson as scout, was ordered to travel through the area. They arrested many Navajo natives and detained them in the fort. The Navajo describe this as the Long Walk. This provided Hopi a short period when they were no longer terrorized by Navajo attacks. The Mormans had founded Utah (1847). Once established, they attempt to convert the Hopi to Mormanism. The first missionary was Jacob Hamblin. He traveled to Hopi country (1858). He developed good relations with the Hopi. The firt Morman church was built (1875). After the Civil War (1861-65) the United States as more American settlers moved west began taking an increasingly aggressive approach with the Western tribes. The United States demanded Hopi lands (1870). A war ensued in which the Hopi were defeated. The U.S. pacified the area and established the Black Mesa Reservation for the Hopi (1882). Problems with the more aggressive Navaho who encroached on traditional Hopi lands. The Black Mesa Reservation assigned to the Hopi was located in northeast Arizona is completely surrounded by the Navajo Reservation. This was a much reduced area from their traditional lands. ਀ ਀ The Hopi were an agriculural people, but once within the United States, the low yields achieved from traditional agriculture in arid areas meant that this was no longer viable. The Hopi were effient dry land farmers, but the bountiful yields of farmers in more productive areas meant that grain could be purchased for less than the Hopi could produce. Subsustebnce farming continued. ਀ There was, as a result, a gradual shift to a pastoral lifestyle. This was a life style the Navajo had already adooted. The Hopi began maintaining flocks of sheep and goats animals introduced by the Spanish. And the Hopi as a result have become know fir their weaving. ਀ 
਀㰀戀爀㸀
਀㰀戀爀㸀 ਀㰀℀ ਀ Hopi-U.S relations, 1849–1946਀ [edit] Education਀ In 1875, the English trader Thomas Keams escorted Hopi leaders to meet President Chester A. Arthur in Washington D.C. Loololma, village chief of Oraibi at the time, was very impressed with Washington. As he concluded that education allowed the whites to live that way, he returned wanting a formal school to be built for the Hopi children.[8] In 1886, twenty of the Hopi leaders signed a petition sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs requesting that a school be built on their land.[5] In 1887, Thomas Keams opened Keams Canyon Boarding School at Keams Canyon for the Hopi children.[8]਀ The Oraibi people did not support the school and refused to send their children 35 miles (56 km) away from their villages. The Keams School was organized to teach the Hopi youth the ways of European-American civilization: forcing them to use English and give up their traditional ways.[5] The children were forced to abandon their tribal identity and completely take on the European-American culture. They received haircuts, new clothes, took on Anglo names, and learned English. The boys learned farming and carpentry skills, while the girls were taught ironing, sewing and “civilized” dining. Keams School also reinforced American religions. The American Baptist Home Mission Society provided the students with services every morning and religious teachings during the week.[9] In 1890, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs arrived in Hopi country with other government officials to review the progress of the new school. Seeing that few students were enrolled, they returned with federal troops who threatened to arrest the Hopi parents if they refused to send their children to school. The Commissioner took children to fill the school.[5]਀ ਀ ਀䠀漀瀀椀 ⠀挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䠀瀀椀琀甀Ⰰ ✀瀀攀愀挀攀昀甀氀 漀渀攀猀Ⰰ✀ 漀爀 䠀瀀椀琀甀ⴀ猀栀渀甀洀甀Ⰰ ✀瀀攀愀挀攀昀甀氀 愀氀氀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀✀㨀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 渀愀洀攀⤀⸀ 䄀 戀漀搀礀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀猀Ⰰ 猀瀀攀愀欀椀渀最 愀 匀栀漀猀栀漀渀攀愀渀 搀椀愀氀攀挀琀Ⰰ 漀挀挀甀瀀礀椀渀最 㘀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀 漀渀 愀 爀攀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 ㈀Ⰰ㐀㜀㈀Ⰰ㌀㈀  愀挀爀攀猀 椀渀 渀漀爀琀栀 攀愀猀琀 䄀爀椀稀漀渀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 ∀䴀漀焀甀椀Ⰰ∀ 漀爀 ∀䴀漀欀椀Ⰰ∀ 戀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀氀礀 欀渀漀眀渀Ⰰ 洀攀愀渀猀 ✀搀攀愀搀✀ 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀猀 愀 琀爀椀戀愀氀 渀愀洀攀 椀琀 椀猀 猀攀攀洀椀渀最氀礀 漀昀 愀氀椀攀渀 漀爀椀最椀渀 愀渀搀 漀昀 甀渀搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀搀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀᐀瀠攀爀栀愀瀀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䬀攀爀攀猀愀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 ⠀䴀猀퀀持栀愀 椀渀 䰀愀最甀渀愀Ⰰ 䴀漀ⴀ琀猀 椀渀 䄀挀漀洀愀Ⰰ 䴀琀猀퀀 椀渀 匀椀愀Ⰰ 䌀漀挀栀椀琀椀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 匀愀渀 䘀攀氀椀瀀攀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀挀攀 䔀猀瀀攀樀漀✀猀 ∀䴀漀栀愀挀攀∀ 愀渀搀 ∀䴀漀栀漀挀攀∀ ⠀㄀㔀㠀㌀⤀ 愀渀搀 伀愀琀攀✀猀 ∀䴀漀栀漀焀甀椀 ⠀㄀㔀㤀㠀⤀⸀ 䈀愀渀搀攀氀椀攀爀 愀渀搀 䌀甀猀栀椀渀最 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀爀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀 漀昀 吀甀猀愀礀愀渀Ⰰ 琀漀 戀攀 椀搀攀渀琀椀挀愀氀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 吀漀琀漀渀琀攀愀挀 漀昀 䘀爀愀礀 䴀愀爀挀漀猀 搀攀 一椀稀愀⸀ ਀     䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀᐀吠栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 昀椀爀猀琀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 眀栀椀琀攀 洀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 漀昀 ㄀㔀㐀 Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 䌀漀爀漀渀愀搀漀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 愀琀 䌀椀戀漀氀愀 ⠀娀甀渀椀⤀Ⰰ 搀椀猀瀀愀琀挀栀攀搀 倀攀搀爀漀 搀攀 吀漀戀愀爀 愀渀搀 䘀爀愀礀 䨀甀愀渀 搀攀 倀愀搀椀氀氀愀 琀漀 瘀椀猀椀琀 㜀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀 漀昀 吀甀猀愀礀愀渀Ⰰ 琀漀眀愀爀搀 琀栀攀 眀攀猀琀 漀爀 渀漀爀琀栀 眀攀猀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀愀爀搀猀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 昀爀椀攀渀搀氀椀渀攀猀猀 愀琀 昀椀爀猀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀猀 眀愀猀 猀漀漀渀 漀瘀攀爀 挀漀洀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀琀礀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 搀愀礀猀Ⰰ 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀爀愀渀搀 挀愀渀礀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀氀漀爀愀搀漀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 䌀愀爀搀攀渀愀猀 眀愀猀 氀愀琀攀爀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 瘀椀猀椀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 渀愀洀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 吀甀猀愀礀愀渀 琀漀眀渀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 戀礀 䌀漀爀漀渀愀搀漀✀猀 挀栀爀漀渀椀挀氀攀爀猀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 伀爀愀椀戀椀Ⰰ 匀栀漀渀最漀瀀漀瘀椀Ⰰ 䴀椀猀栀漀渀最渀漀瘀椀Ⰰ 圀愀氀瀀椀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䄀眀愀琀漀戀椀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 渀漀琀 欀渀漀眀渀 眀椀琀栀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀琀礀 眀栀愀琀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀栀愀戀椀琀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 昀椀爀猀琀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀愀爀搀猀⸀ 伀洀椀琀琀椀渀最 䄀眀愀琀漀戀椀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 搀攀猀琀爀漀礀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㜀   眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 伀爀愀椀戀椀 渀漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀漀眀渀猀 渀漀眀 漀挀挀甀瀀椀攀猀 椀琀猀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 猀椀琀攀⸀ Francisco Sanchez Chamuscado visited Zuñi in 1581 and speaks of the Hopi country as Asay or Osay, but he did not visit it on account of the snow. Two years later, however, the province was visited by Antonio de Espejo, who journeyed 28 leagues from Zuñi to the first of the Hopi pueblos in 4 days. The Mohoce, or Mohace, of this explorer consisted of 5 large villages, the population of one of which, Aguato (Ahuato, Zaguato=Awatobi) he estimated at 50,000, a figure perhaps 25 times too great. The names of the other towns are not given. The natives had evidently forgotten the horses of Tobar and Cardenas of 43 years before, as they now became frightened at these strange animals. The Hopi presented Espejo with quantities of cotton "towels," perhaps kilts, for which they were celebrated then as now.਀     吀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 匀瀀愀渀椀愀爀搀 琀漀 瘀椀猀椀琀 琀栀攀 ∀䴀漀栀漀焀甀椀∀ 眀愀猀 䨀甀愀渀 搀攀 伀愀琀攀Ⰰ 最漀瘀攀爀渀漀爀 愀渀搀 挀漀氀漀渀椀稀攀爀 漀昀 一攀眀 䴀攀砀椀挀漀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 琀漀漀欀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 愀渀搀 洀愀搀攀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀猀 猀眀攀愀爀 琀漀 漀戀攀搀椀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 瘀愀猀猀愀氀愀最攀 漀渀 一漀瘀⸀ ㄀㔀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㤀㠀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 猀瀀椀爀椀琀甀愀氀 眀攀氀昀愀爀攀 眀愀猀 愀猀猀椀最渀攀搀 琀漀 䘀爀愀礀 䨀甀愀渀 搀攀 䌀氀愀爀漀猀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 渀漀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 甀渀琀椀氀 渀攀愀爀氀礀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 氀愀琀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 㔀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀猀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 猀漀 昀愀爀 愀猀 椀琀 椀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 䄀最甀愀琀漀 漀爀 䄀最甀愀琀甀礀戀 ⠀䄀眀愀琀漀戀椀⤀Ⰰ 䜀愀猀瀀攀 ⠀䜀甀愀氀瀀攀㴀圀愀氀瀀椀⤀Ⰰ 䌀漀洀甀瀀愀瘀 漀爀 堀甀洀甀瀀愀洀 ⠀匀栀漀渀最漀瀀漀瘀椀⤀Ⰰ 䴀愀樀愀渀愀渀 ⠀䴀椀猀栀漀渀最渀漀瘀椀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 伀氀愀氀氀愀 漀爀 一愀礀戀 ⠀伀爀愀椀戀椀⤀⸀ The first actual missionary work undertaken among the Hopi was in 1629, on Aug. 20 of which year Francisco de Porras, Andrés Gutierrez, Cristobal de la Concepcion, and Francisco de San Buenaventura, escorted by 12 soldiers, reached Awatobi, where the mission of San Bernardino was founded in honor of the day, followed by the establishment of missions also at Walpi, Shongopovi, Mishongnovi, and Oraibi. Porras was poisoned by the natives of Awatobi in 1633. All the Hopi missions seem to have led a precarious existence until 1680, when in the general Pueblo revolt of that year four resident missionaries were killed and the churches destroyed. Henceforward no attempt was made to reestablish any of the missions save that of Awatobi in 1700, which so incensed the other Hopi that they fell upon it in the night, killing many of its people and compelling its permanent abandonment.਀     䈀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀戀攀氀氀椀漀渀 䴀椀猀栀漀渀最渀漀瘀椀 愀渀搀 圀愀氀瀀椀 栀愀搀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 爀攀搀甀挀攀搀 琀漀 瘀椀猀椀琀愀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 匀栀漀渀最漀瀀漀瘀椀 愀渀搀 伀爀愀椀戀椀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀甀琀戀爀攀愀欀 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀眀愀琀漀戀椀 眀愀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 愀猀 㠀  Ⰰ 匀栀漀渀最漀瀀漀瘀椀 㔀  Ⰰ 愀渀搀 圀愀氀瀀椀 ㄀Ⰰ㈀  ⸀ 伀爀愀椀戀椀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 猀愀椀搀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 ㄀㐀Ⰰ    最攀渀琀椀氀攀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀搀 戀礀 瀀攀猀琀椀氀攀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 椀猀 搀漀甀戀琀氀攀猀猀 最爀攀愀琀氀礀 攀砀愀最最攀爀愀琀攀搀⸀ The pueblos of Walpi, Mishongnovi, and Shongopovi, situated in the foothills, were probably abandoned about the time of the Pueblo rebellion, and new villages਀戀甀椀氀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 愀搀樀愀挀攀渀琀 洀攀猀愀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀 漀昀 搀攀昀攀渀猀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀愀爀搀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀猀攀 瘀攀渀最攀愀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 渀攀攀搀氀攀猀猀氀礀 昀攀愀爀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀挀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一攀眀 䴀攀砀椀挀愀渀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀 氀攀搀 洀愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀渀栀愀戀椀琀愀渀琀猀 琀漀 猀攀攀欀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 琀漀眀愀爀搀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㜀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 戀甀椀氀琀 琀栀攀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀 漀昀 倀愀礀甀瀀欀椀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 洀攀猀愀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 眀攀爀攀 琀愀欀攀渀 戀愀挀欀 愀渀搀 猀攀琀琀氀攀搀 椀渀 匀愀渀搀椀愀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㠀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 䄀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 ㄀㜀   䠀愀渀漀 眀愀猀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䔀愀猀琀 洀攀猀愀Ⰰ 渀攀愀爀 圀愀氀瀀椀Ⰰ 戀礀 吀攀眀愀 昀爀漀洀 渀攀愀爀 䄀戀椀焀甀椀渀Ⰰ 一攀眀 䴀攀砀椀挀漀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 挀愀洀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀瘀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 圀愀氀瀀椀愀渀猀⸀ 䠀攀爀攀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 氀椀瘀攀搀 甀渀椀渀琀攀爀爀甀瀀琀攀搀氀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 椀渀琀攀爀洀愀爀爀椀攀搀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 爀攀琀愀椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 愀渀搀 洀愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀瘀攀 琀爀椀戀愀氀 爀椀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀甀猀琀漀洀猀⸀ 吀眀漀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀Ⰰ 匀椀挀栀漀渀氀漀瘀椀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䘀椀爀猀琀 洀攀猀愀Ⰰ 戀甀椀氀琀 戀礀 䄀猀愀 挀氀愀渀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 刀椀漀 䜀爀愀渀搀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 匀栀椀瀀愀甀氀漀瘀椀Ⰰ 昀漀甀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 愀 挀漀氀漀渀礀 昀爀漀洀 匀栀漀渀最漀瀀漀瘀椀 漀渀 琀栀攀 匀攀挀漀渀搀 漀爀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 洀攀猀愀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 戀漀琀栀 漀昀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 漀爀椀最椀渀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀椀渀最 戀攀攀渀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㠀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 琀栀攀 倀愀礀甀瀀欀椀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 爀攀琀甀爀渀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀氀搀 栀漀洀攀⸀ 吀栀甀猀 琀栀攀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀 漀昀 吀甀猀愀礀愀渀 渀漀眀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最㨀 圀愀氀瀀椀Ⰰ 匀椀挀栀漀洀漀瘀椀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䠀愀渀漀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 䘀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 䔀愀猀琀 洀攀猀愀㬀 瀀漀瀀⸀ ⠀㄀㤀  ⤀ ㈀ 㔀Ⰰ ㄀㄀㤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ㄀㘀 Ⰰ 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀Ⰰ 攀砀挀氀甀猀椀瘀攀 漀昀 愀戀漀甀琀 ㈀  眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 栀漀洀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀㬀 琀漀琀愀氀 㔀 㐀⸀ 䴀椀猀栀漀渀最渀漀瘀椀Ⰰ 匀栀漀渀最漀瀀漀瘀椀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 匀栀甀瀀愀甀氀漀瘀椀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 匀攀挀漀渀搀 漀爀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 洀攀猀愀㬀 攀猀琀椀洀愀琀攀搀 瀀漀瀀⸀ ㈀㐀㐀Ⰰ ㈀㈀㔀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ㄀㈀㘀㬀 琀漀琀愀氀 㔀㤀㔀⸀ 伀爀愀椀戀椀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 吀栀椀爀搀 漀爀 圀攀猀琀 洀攀猀愀㬀 瀀漀瀀⸀ ⠀㄀㠀㤀 ⤀ 㤀 㔀⸀ 吀漀琀愀氀 䠀漀瀀椀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 ⠀㄀㤀 㐀⤀ 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀氀礀 最椀瘀攀渀 愀猀 ㄀Ⰰ㠀㜀㠀⸀     ਀ supply wool and skins. They own also about 1,500 head of cattle, and 4,350 horses, burros, and mules. Dogs, chickens, hogs, and turkeys are their only other domesticated animals਀ Maize being the basis of their subsistence, agriculture is the principal industry of the Hopi. On the average 2,500 acres are yearly planted in this cereal, the yield in 1904 being estimated at 25,000 bushels. Perhaps one-third of the annual crop is preserved in event of future failure through drought or other causes. There are also about 1,000 acres in peach orchards and 1,500 acres in beans, melons, squashes, pumpkins, onions, chile, sunflowers, etc. Cotton, wheat, and tobacco are also raised in small quantities, hut in early times native cotton was extensively grown. In years of stress desert plants, which have always been utilized to some extent for food, form an important part of the diet.਀  ਀ All small desert animals are eaten; formerly antelope, elk, and deer were captured by being driven into pitfalls or corrals. Communal rabbit hunts are common, the animals being killed with wooden clubs shaped like boomerangs. Prairie dogs are drowned out of their burrows, coyotes are caught in pitfalls made of stones, and small birds are captured in snares.਀     吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀爀攀 猀欀椀氀氀攀搀 椀渀 眀攀愀瘀椀渀最Ⰰ 搀礀攀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀洀戀爀漀椀搀攀爀椀渀最 戀氀愀渀欀攀琀猀Ⰰ 戀攀氀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 欀椀氀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 琀攀砀琀椀氀攀 眀漀爀欀 椀猀 搀甀爀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀栀漀眀猀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 眀攀愀瘀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀愀爀欀ⴀ戀氀甀攀 戀氀愀渀欀攀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 眀漀洀愀渀 椀猀 愀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 漀昀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀攀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 倀甀攀戀氀漀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀洀戀爀漀椀搀攀爀攀搀 挀攀爀攀洀漀渀椀愀氀 戀氀愀渀欀攀琀猀Ⰰ 猀愀猀栀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 欀椀氀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 漀昀 挀漀琀琀漀渀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 爀攀愀搀礀 猀愀氀攀 愀洀漀渀最 渀攀椀最栀戀漀爀椀渀最 琀爀椀戀攀猀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 挀攀爀愀洀椀挀 愀爀琀 栀愀猀 猀漀洀攀眀栀愀琀 搀攀琀攀爀椀漀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 琀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 昀愀椀爀 瀀漀琀琀攀爀礀 椀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 洀愀搀攀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 漀昀 䠀愀渀漀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 漀渀攀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 栀愀猀 爀攀瘀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀 愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀愀瘀攀 戀愀猀欀攀琀爀礀 椀渀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 眀愀礀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䴀攀猀愀 瀀甀攀戀氀漀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀 伀爀愀椀戀椀㬀 戀甀琀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 猀愀挀爀攀搀ⴀ洀攀愀氀 瀀氀愀焀甀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 眀攀氀氀 洀愀搀攀 愀渀搀 戀爀椀最栀琀氀礀 挀漀氀漀爀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀洀愀渀猀栀椀瀀 椀猀 挀爀甀搀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀爀攀 挀氀攀瘀攀爀 椀渀 洀愀欀椀渀最 洀愀猀欀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 瀀愀爀愀瀀栀攀爀渀愀氀椀愀 昀爀漀洀 栀椀搀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀砀挀攀氀 椀渀 挀愀爀瘀椀渀最 愀渀搀 瀀愀椀渀琀椀渀最 搀漀氀氀猀Ⰰ 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀椀渀最 欀愀挀栀椀渀愀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 愀搀漀爀渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 戀爀椀最栀琀 昀攀愀琀栀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 挀氀漀琀栀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 氀椀欀攀眀椀猀攀 洀愀渀甀昀愀挀琀甀爀攀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 琀漀礀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 攀砀栀椀戀椀琀攀搀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 搀爀愀洀愀琀椀挀 攀渀琀攀爀琀愀椀渀洀攀渀琀猀⸀ 一漀眀栀攀爀攀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 愀戀漀爀椀最椀渀攀猀 漀昀 一漀爀琀栀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀搀 椀渀 搀爀愀洀愀琀甀爀最椀挀 攀砀栀椀戀椀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀洀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 戀椀爀搀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 愀渀椀洀愀氀猀 愀爀攀 洀愀爀瘀攀氀漀甀猀氀礀 爀攀愀氀椀猀琀椀挀⸀ The Hopi language is classified as Shoshonean; but, according to Gatschet, it "seems to contain many archaic words and forms not encountered in the other dialects, and many vocables of its own. "The published vocabularies are very limited, and comparatively little is known of the grammatical structure of the language; but it is evident that it contains many words of Keresan, Tewa, Pima, Zuñi, Ute, Navaho, and Apache derivation. As among other Southwestern tribes a number of words are modified Spanish, as those for horse, sheep, melon, and the names for other intrusive articles and objects. Slight dialectic differences are noticeable in the speech of Oraibi and Walpi, but the language, of the other pueblos is practically uniform. The Hopi language is melodious and the enunciation clear. The speech of the people of Awatobi is said to have had a nasal intonation, while the Oraibi speak drawlingly. Although they accompany their speech with gestures, few of the Hopi understand the sign language. The Keresan people have furnished many songs, with their words, and Zuñi and Pima songs have also been introduced. Some of the prayers also have archaic Tanoan or Keresan words.਀     吀栀攀 䠀漀瀀椀 愀爀攀 瀀爀攀攀洀椀渀攀渀琀氀礀 愀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 洀甀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 眀椀渀琀攀爀Ⰰ 戀攀椀渀最 搀攀瘀漀琀攀搀 琀漀 挀攀爀攀洀漀渀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 爀愀椀渀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 最爀漀眀琀栀 漀昀 挀爀漀瀀猀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 洀礀琀栀漀氀漀最礀 椀猀 愀 瀀漀氀礀琀栀攀椀猀洀 氀愀爀最攀氀礀 琀椀渀最攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀挀攀猀琀漀爀 眀漀爀猀栀椀瀀 愀渀搀 瀀攀爀洀攀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 昀攀琀椀猀栀椀猀洀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀氀礀 栀愀搀 渀漀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 猀瀀椀爀椀琀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀椀渀最 琀漀 䜀漀搀Ⰰ 渀漀爀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀礀 攀瘀攀爀 洀漀渀漀琀栀攀椀猀琀猀㬀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最猀 漀昀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀琀 栀愀搀 琀栀攀 攀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 愀氀琀攀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀爀椀洀椀琀椀瘀攀 戀攀氀椀攀昀猀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 最爀攀愀琀攀猀琀 最漀搀猀 愀爀攀 搀攀椀昀椀攀搀 渀愀琀甀爀攀 瀀漀眀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀 䴀漀琀栀攀爀 䔀愀爀琀栀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 匀欀礀 最漀搀᐀琠栀攀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 洀漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 昀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀愀挀攀猀 漀昀 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 漀昀 洀愀爀瘀攀氀漀甀猀 愀渀椀洀愀氀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 挀漀渀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 漀昀 愀猀 挀氀漀猀攀氀礀 愀氀氀椀攀搀⸀ The earth is spoken of as having always existed. In Hopi mythology the human race was not created, but generated from the earth, from which man emerged through an opening called the sipapu, now typified by the Grand canyon of the Colorado. The dead are supposed to return to the underworld. The Sky Father and the Earth Mother have many names and are personated in many ways; the latter is represented by a spider; the former by a bird—a hawk or an eagle. Such names as Fire god, Germ god, and others are attributed designations of the great male powers of nature, or its male germinative principle. All supernatural beings are supposed to influence the rain and consequently the growth of crops. Every clan religion exhibits strong ancestral worship, in which a male and a female ancestral tutelary of the clan, called by a distinctive clan name, is preeminent. The Great Horned or Plumed Serpent, a form of sky god, derived from the south, and introduced by the Patki and other southern clans, is prominent in sun ceremonies. The number of subordinate supernatural personages is almost unlimited. Thee are known as "kachinas," a term referring to the magic power inherent in every natural object for good or for bad. Many of these kachinas are personations of clan ancestors, others are simply beings of unknown relationship but endowed with magic powers. Each kachina possesses individual characteristics, and is represented in at least six different symbolic colors. The world quarters, or six cardinal points, play an important role in Hopi mythology and ritual. Fetishes, amulets, charms, and mascots are commonly used to insure luck in daily occupations, and for health and success in hunting, racing, gaming, and secular performances. The Hopi ceremonial calendar consists of a number of monthly festivals, ordinarily of 9 days duration, of which the first 8 are devoted to secret rites in kivas or in rooms set apart for that purpose, the final day being generally devoted to a spectacular public ceremony or "dance." Every great festival is held under the auspices of a special religious fraternity or fraternities, and is accompanied with minor events indicating a former duration of 20 days. Among the most important religious fraternities are the Snake, Antelope, Flute, Sun, Lalakontu, Owakultu, Mamzrautu, Kachina, Tataukyamu, Wuwuchimtu, Aaltu, Kwakwautu, and Kalektaka. There are also other organized priesthoods, as the Yaya and the Poshwympkia, whose functions are mainly those of doctors or healers. Several ancient priesthoods, known by the names Koyimsi, Paiakyamu, and Chukuwympkia, function as clowns or fun-makers during the sacred dances of the Kachinas. The ceremonial year is divided into two parts, every great ceremony having a major and a minor performance occurring about 6 months apart; and every 4 years, when initiations occur, most ceremonies are celebrated in extenso. The so called Snake and Flute dances are performed biennially at all the pueblos except Sichomovi and Hano, and alternate with each other. Ceremonies are also divided into those with masked and those with unmasked participants, the former, designated kachinas, extending from January to July, the latter occurring in the remaining months of the year. The chief of each fraternity has a badge of his office and conducts both the secret and the open features of the ceremony. The fetishes and idols used in the sacred rites are owned by the priesthood and are arranged by its chief in temporary altars, in front of which dry-paintingsare made. The Hopi ritual is extraordinarily complex and time consuming, and the paraphernalia required is extensive. Although the Hopi cultus has become highly modified by a semi-arid environment; it consisted originally of ancestor worship, embracing worship of the great powers of nature—sky, sun, moon, fire, rain, and earth. A confusion of effect and cause and an elaboration of the doctrine of signatures pervade all their rites, which in the main may be regarded as sympathetic magic.਀ >਀
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਀㰀戀爀㸀
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਀㰀戀㸀嬀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀猀琀礀氀攀⼀攀琀栀渀椀挀⼀攀琀栀渀椀挀最攀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀䜀攀爀洀愀渀㰀⼀愀㸀崀  [Greek]਀嬀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀猀琀礀氀攀⼀攀琀栀渀椀挀⼀攀琀栀渀椀挀椀爀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀䤀爀椀猀栀㰀⼀愀㸀崀 [Scottish]
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਀㰀瀀㸀㰀椀㸀一愀瘀椀最愀琀攀 琀栀攀 䈀漀礀猀✀ 䠀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 䌀氀漀琀栀椀渀最 一愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 瀀愀最攀猀㨀㰀戀爀㸀 [Ethnic]਀嬀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀愀挀琀⼀搀愀渀挀攀⼀搀愀渀挀攀渀愀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀䐀愀渀挀攀㰀⼀愀㸀崀
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਀㰀戀爀㸀 Created: 6:17 PM 12/20/2011
਀䰀愀猀琀 甀瀀搀愀琀攀搀㨀  㘀㨀㄀㜀 倀䴀 ㄀㈀⼀㈀ ⼀㈀ ㄀㄀
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