Figure 1.--This modern drawing depicts a scene in Germany about 1000. It shows Bischop Willigis in the Klosterschule (cloister school). I believe that this was a church school to train boys preparing to be monks or priests. I am not sure who the illuistrator was or how accurate the depiction is. Bishop Williggis lived in Mayence and was noted for his piety and common sence. Click on the image to learn more about German education in the Medieval era. |
The Wastern and Western Churches for centuries had been moving apart it was in the 11th Century that the Great Schism occurred (1052-54) Newly crowned English King Harold, son of Godwin and Edward the Confessor's successor, in 1066 rushed north to put down a rebellion by his brother backed
by an army of Norwegian Vikings. Harold virtually anialates the Norwegians, at Stamford Bridge. Meanwhile William of Normandy, who had assembled an invasion
force, had been waiting imaptiently. Suddenly the winds shift and he crosses theChannel to invade Sussex. Harold rushes his battered force south rather than waiting
to rest his men and gather additional forces. The two armies met at Hastings. Norman calvary and longbows prove decissive. The Normans within two decaded
disposses England's Anglos-Saxon aristocracy and began the formation of modern England. It was at this time that Leif Ericson reportedly reaced North America.
The crusades began in the 11th century. Henry IV, the Emperor of Germany was humiliated by Pope Gregory VII at Canossa in 1077 as monarchs and popes
struggled over their temoral and secular authorities. Henry was forced to dress as a pentinent and stand barefoot in the snow for 3 days outside the Castle of
Canossa where Pope Gregory was quartered. Women are of little consequence. Few are describe to many extent in the historical record. One historian writes, "marriage, let there be no misunderstanding about it, was a business for the two families concerned". [Fletcher] The merchant guilds began to become important in the 11th century. The Papacy launches the Crusades at the end of the 11th century. The Crusades are to have a profound cultural and economic influence in Europe. One opart of this is to inroduce Western Europe to luxury goods like silk and cotton. Men and boys by the 11th century had begun to wear supertunics. Men and boys wore rather loose, floppy "braies" which were often covered with bandages. Noblemen commonly wore these bandages criss-crossed. Some men wore a
pointed cap, but most went without ant head covering. Women still veiled their hair, but girls were allowed to leave their hair uncovered. Babies were normally tightly
swaddled, a practice that persists some time in Europe. [Crush]
The Wastern and Western Churches for centuries had been moving apart it was in the 11th Century that the Great Schism occurred. Pope Sergius wrote a confession of faith which included the controversial filioque in the creed (1009). The Church in Constantinople removed the pope the Roman Church from the diptychs, the official list of sister churches and bishops. The division between the Churches had reached crisis proprtions by mid-century. The major issues were the filioque, the authority of the pope, and varying liturgical practices. The issues had been simmering for some time. The differences reached crisis proportions. The Pope suppressed Eastern (Greek) liturgical practices in southern Italy and Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople suppressed Latin practices in the East (1052). The Pope dispched a mediator (1053), but mediation failed and the Pope excomunicated the Partirach (1054). Most historians date this as the formal split in the Christian Church. Although the Eastern and WesternChurches were essentially separatre Churhes before the Great Schism, after 1054 there were in fact as well as practice a Western Catholic and a Eastern Orthodox Chyrch.
Newly crowned English King Harold, son of Godwin and Edward the Confessor's successor, in 1066 rushed north to put down a rebellion by his brother backed
by an army of Norwegian Vikings. Harold virtually anialates the Norwegians, at Stamford Bridge. Meanwhile William of Normandy, who had assembled an invasion
force, had been waiting imaptiently. Suddenly the winds shift and he crosses theChannel to invade Sussex. Harold rushes his battered force south rather than waiting
to rest his men and gather additional forces. The two armies met at Hastings. Norman calvary and longbows prove decissive. The Normans within two decaded
disposses England's Anglos-Saxon aristocracy and began the formation of modern England. It was at this time that Leif Ericson reportedly reaced North America.
The crusades began in the 11th century. The Papacy launches the Crusades at the end of the 11th century. The Crusades are to have a profound cultural and economic influence in Europe.
One opart of this is to inroduce Western Europe to luxury goods like silk and cotton. Men and boys by the 11th century had begun to wear supertunics.
Henry IV, the Emperor of Germany was humiliated by Pope Gregory VII at Canossa in 1077 as monarchs and popes
struggled over their temoral and secular authorities. Henry was forced to dress as a pentinent and stand barefoot in the snow for 3 days outside the Castle of
Canossa where Pope Gregory was quartered.
Women are of little consequence. Few are describe to many extent in the historical record. One historian writes,
"marriage, let there be no misunderstanding about it, was a business for the two families concerned". [Fletcher]
The merchant guilds began to become important in the 11th century.
Education was still the province of the Church. There was virtually no schooling outside the Church and often even the nobility were illiterate even in the 10th
century.
Crush, Margaret. Piccolo Book of Costume (Pan Books: London, 1973). The book has vert nicely done illustrations by Faith Jaques.
Fletcher, Richard. Bloodfeud: Muder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford Universuty Press, 2003), 231p.
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