Figure 1.--Jewish children were remnoved from Dutch public schools in 1941. This class of Durch Jewish children was probably photographed some time in late-1941 before the Jewish badges were introduced.. |
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The NAZIs in August ordered Jews deposit cash, securities, stocks, and bank holdings with the Bank of Lippmann, Rosenthal & Company (LiRo). The only exceptions were wedding rings, pocket watches, and dental fillings. This bank had a Jewish name. It was in fact set up by the NAZIs to efficently collect Jewish assets before the Jews were deported. The NAZIs used the name of an established Jewish bank to give the illusion that the assets would be protected. Many were not fooled, specially the German Jews who had fled to the Netherlands. Mamy Dutchs Jews were. Jews were required to open accounts at LiRo and to deposit all other accounts to LiRo. These deposits and proceeds from sales of securities were in fact put at the disposal of an agency of the Reichskommissar, the Office of Property Administration and Pensions. [Aalders PJA and Hilberg, p. 380.] Reports iundicate that German government officials, businesses, and banks virtually converged on the Netherlands o take advantage of thge opportunities created by the decrees. There were imilar opportunities in other occupied countries, but the Netherlnds was close to Germany and the opportunities especially attractive. Records indicate that that anywhere from $0.3-0.5 billion was looted from Dutch Jews based upon their 1940 assetts. The amount of course would be much higher in current dollars. [Marrus and Paxton, p. 696 and Zabludoff, p. 15.]
The NAZIs in August ordered Jews deposit cash, securities, stocks, and bank holdings with the Bank of Lippmann, Rosenthal & Company (LiRo). The only exceptions were wedding rings, pocket watches, and dental fillings. This bank had a Jewish name. It was in fact set up by the NAZIs to efficently collect Jewish assets before the Jews were deported. The NAZIs used the name of an established Jewish bank to give the illusion that the assets would be protected. Many were not fooled, specially the German Jews who had fled to the Netherlands. Mamy Dutchs Jews were. Jews were required to open accounts at LiRo and to deposit all other accounts to LiRo. These deposits and proceeds from sales of securities were in fact put at the disposal of an agency of the Reichskommissar, the Office of Property Administration and Pensions. [Aalders PJA and Hilberg, p. 380.] Reports iundicate that German government officials, businesses, and banks virtually converged on the Netherlands o take advantage of thge opportunities created by the decrees. There were imilar opportunities in other occupied countries, but the Netherlnds was close to Germany and the opportunities especially attractive. Records indicate that that anywhere from $0.3-0.5 billion was looted from Dutch Jews based upon their 1940 assetts. The amount of course would be much higher in current dollars. [Marrus and Paxton, p. 696 and Zabludoff, p. 15.]
NAZI measures until August 1941 were directed at adults. Jewish children had largely been spared from the various NAZIs measures, although they were of course affected by these measures taken against their parent. This changed in August. NAZI authorities announced that beginning with the coming school year Jewish children would no longer be allowed to attend school with other Dutch children. Jewish children would have to attend their own separate schools where they would be taught by Jewish teachers. [Anderson] The Germans had taken the same step in Germany in 1935, but many German Jews had already left the German state schools because of the abuse they were receiving. The same was not true in Dutch schools where attacks on Jewish children were virtually unknown. The Jewish Council was given the responsibility for establishing and administering the Jeish schools. (Jewish teachers had already been fired from the Dutch schools. The teachers welcomed the opportunity to work again. They were paid by the Jewish Council which the NAZIs financed by money sized from Jewish bank accounts.) There were about 7,000 Jewish children enrolled in the Jewish schools. Margot Frank and her sister Anne were thus separated from other Dutch children. She had to leave her Montessori School. Together with Margot in September she entered the Jewish Lycee in Amsterdam. [Frank]
When the NAZIs seized power in 1933, most German Jews attended state schools. Only a small number of students attended Jewish religious schools. Through a varaiety of methods including the introduction of anti-semetic curriculum materials, verbal amd phyical abuse from teachers and other students, Jewish children began withdrawing from the schools. Conditiojs varied, but in some schools it was dangerous for Jewish children to continue attending classes. The Nuremburg Laws in 1935 took away German citizenship from Jews resulting in the expulsion of Jewish children from the state schools. These children enrolled in schools set up for them and staffed by Jewish teachers who had been fired by the NAZIs.
Aalders, Gerard. Department of Research, The Netherlands, State Institute for War Documentation, Amsterdam, Plundering of Jewish Assets During the Second World War, Archival Reports online, June 30, 1999.
Anderson, Anthony E. "Anne Frank was not alone: Holland and the Holocaust" [Online], October 24, 1995.
Frank, Anne. The Diary of A Young Girl.
Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews (Chicago: Quardrangle Books, 1961).
Marrus, Michael R. and Robert O. Paxton, "The Nazis and the Jews in Occupied Western Europe, 1940-1944" in Michael R. Marrus, ed. The Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews (London: Meckler, 1982).
Zabludoff, Sidney Jay. Looted Jewish Assets: Nazi Seizures, New York: World Jewish Congress, June 29, 1998).
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