Figure 1.--
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Figure 1.-- |
The Roman legions began the conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd century AD. They move north of the Rubicon. The Celts in the Po Valley are
conquered. They are judged inelible for Roman citizenship. The Second Macedonian War occurs (200-197 BC). King Philip V attempts to gain control of the Aegean, but is defeated by the Romans who proceed to "liberate" the Greeks from the Macedonians. Thus Rome added Greece to their growing empire. The
Romans encountered n Greece a culture with literature and sculpture that surpassed their own. Greek art came to set the standard for Roman art. Roman sculptures were modeled on Greek forms. Rome enacts the Leges Porciae, a series of laws which granted all Roman citizens the right of appeal in capital cases, abolished the scourging of citizens, and summary execution during battle (199-184 BC). The coinquest of the Greeks brought Rome into contact with the Syruans. King Antochus III is defeated at Magnesia (190 BC). This added further possessions, including Asian Minor, to the Empire. Scipio the great victor over the Carthegibians dies (183 C). Another sumptuary law, the Lex Orchia, is enacted (181 BC). The war against King Perseus of Macedon known as the Third Macedonian War occurs (171-168 BC). The Lex Voconia is enacted which limits the land that can inherited by females (169 BC). The Battle of Pydna concluding the Third Macedonian War occurs and King Persus' forces are routed Pydna (168 BC). Macedonia ecentually becomes a Roman province. Another sumptuary law, the Lex Fannia, is passed (161 BC). The Greek philosophers are expelled (161 BC). Stoicism begins to become important among Roman intelectuals and influence the governing class in the mid-2nd century. The Third Punic War with Charthage occurs (149-146 BC). The war results in the complete defeat of Carthage. The Carthaginians are sold into slavery. The city is torn down and burned. A Greek revolt by the Achaean League is supressed and Cornith destroyed (146 BC). Large numbers of Greeks were enslaved. Many wealthy Greeks used learned Greek slaves to teach their children. Rome as a result of the wars with Charthage and expansion into Greece acquired an extensive empire consisting of virtually the entire western Mediterranean as well as Greece, Asia Minor and a dominant position in Egypt, the granery of the Meiterrean. King Attalus III of Pergamum dies and bequated his client kingdom to Rome (133 BC). It becomes the privince of Asia. Rome's transition into a imperial state had many domestic consequences. Class conflicts intensify, power struggles and assassinations occur and slave rebellions. The severe class conflicts
begin with the tribunes Tiberius Gracchus tribune of the plebs (133 BC). Gaius Gracchus tribune of the plebs (123 BC). The Gracchi brothers attempted to reform the Roman Republic to adjust to the new empire. The conservative patrician class ressits the reforms as a threat to their traditions and position. Gaius Gracchus is killed and his followers were executed by Opimius (121 BC). The Jugurthine War occurs (112-105 BC). Marius becomes consul (107, 104-100). He rules Rome through command of the army. Marius reorganizes the Army (104 BC). A slave rebellion breaks out in Sicily (104 BC). Marius campaigns in Gaul (103-100 BC).
he Roman legions began the conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd century AD. They move north of the Rubicon.
The Celts in the Po Valley are
conquered. They are judged inelible for Roman citizenship.
The Second Macedonian War occurs (200-197 BC). King Philip V attempts to gain control of the Aegean, but is defeated by the Romans. The war against King Perseus of Macedon known as the Third Macedonian War occurs (171-168 BC). The Lex Voconia is enacted which limits the land that can inherited by females (169 BC). The Battle of Pydna concluding the Third Macedonian War occurs and King Persus' forces are routed Pydna (168 BC). Macedonia ecentually becomes a Roman province (146 BC)
The Romans with the defeat of the Macedonians in the Second Macedonian War, procceded to "liberate" the Greeks from the Macedonians. Thus Rome added Greece to their growing empire. The
Romans encountered n Greece a culture with literature and sculpture that surpassed their own. Greek art came to set the standard for Roman art. Roman sculptures were modeled on Greek forms. A Greek revolt by the Achaean League is supressed and Cornith destroyed (146 BC). Large numbers of Greeks were enslaved. Many wealthy Greeks used learned Greek slaves to teach their children.
King Attalus III of Pergamum dies and bequeathed his client kingdom to Rome (133 BC). It becomes the province of Asia.
Scipio the great victor over the Carthagenians dies (183 C). The Third Punic War with Charthage occurs (149-146 BC). Even though Carthage has been humbled, Rome resent's the city's commercial success. The war results in the complete defeat of Carthage in a campaign conducted by Publius Cornelius Scipio (Africanus Minor). The Carthaginians are sold into slavery. The city is torn down and burned.
Carthage becomes the Roman province of Africa. The Jugurthine War occurs (112-105 BC).Consul Gaius Marius with Lucius Cornelius Sulla overthrow King Jugurtha of Numidia.
After his success in Africa Marius campaigns in Gaul (103-100 BC). He defaets the Cinbri and Teutones in southern Gaul.
Rome increases its grips in the colonies in the west seized from Carthage after the SEcond Punic War (202 BC). The Carthiginia colonies along the coast of the Iberian Peninsula are relatively easy to subdue. Controling the interior of the Iberian Peninsula is a much more difficult undertaking.. Rome succeeds in pacifying the interiors of Corsica and Sardinia. Rome intensifies in hold on the Iberian Peninsula. A series of campaigns there ends with the capture of Numantia. (133 BC).
Rome enacts the Leges Porciae, a series of laws which granted all Roman citizens the right of appeal in capital cases, abolished the scourging of citizens, and summary execution during battle (199-184 BC). Another sumptuary law, the Lex Orchia, is enacted (181 BC). Another sumptuary law, the Lex Fannia, is passed (161 BC). The Greek philosophers are expelled (161 BC).
The varius Greek schools of philosophy were formally introduced into Rome during the mid-2nd century BC. Stoicism begins to become important among Roman intelectuals and influence the governing class in the mid-2nd century.
Rome as a result of the wars with Charthage and expansion into Greece and Asian Minoir acquired an extensive empire consisting of virtually the entire western Mediterranean as well as Greece, Asia Minor and a dominant position in Egypt, the granery of the Meiterrean. Roman power at this time is better established in the West than East. Rome's transition into a imperial state had many domestic consequences. Class conflicts intensify, power struggles and assassinations occur and slave rebellions.
The severe class conflicts begins in the late 2nd century and will finally result in the destruction oif the Republic in the 1st century BC. The tribunes Tiberius Gracchus tribune of the plebs and Gaius Gracchus tribune of the plebs attempt to reform the Roman social system. The old patrician families and the newly enobleled wealthy plebian families combine to exclude all others from the higher offices (magistracies) and the Senate which now cintrols state affairs. This aristocratuic ruling class now dominates Rome,. Its members have becoime fabulously wealthy froim the plunder if empire, but rather than sharing with the plebian class they arrogantly devote themselves to untold of luxury and resistance the rise of plebians to share in the bounty of empire. The admirably high standards and honesty of the early Republic is lost. In addition the small scale peasant farmers find themselves unable to compete with the large estates worked by slaves obtained in Rome's wars. This the indeopendent peasantry which had been the backbone of Rome is gradually reduced to poverty, foreced off the land and becomes city rable bitter and reduced to a magre living off a state dole. The Gracchi brothers attempted to reform the Roman Republic to adjust to the new empire. The conservative patrician class resists the reforms as a threat to their traditions and entrenched position. The Gracchus Brothers attempt to alviate economic distress and pursue agraian reform and corn laws. Tiberius Gracchus was so popular with the Roman masses, that he ran for a second consecutive term for tribune which was unconstitutional. A group of conservative senators organized led an armed band against him in the Assembly and killed him as well as 300 of his followers (133 BC). Gaius Sempronius Gracchus (Tiberius' younger brother) was elected tribune for two successive years Through the Assembly he challenged the
power of conservative classes and the Senate. He also attempted the sweeping economic reforms his brother had promoted. Opposition between his followers and the Senate degenerated into street fighting and riots. He was killed in the rioting and his followers were executed by Opimius (121 BC). Marius becomes consul (107, 104-100). He rules Rome through command of the army. Marius reorganizes the Army (104 BC). A slave rebellion breaks out in Sicily (104 BC).
We have developed some information on Roman children's clothing, we do not at this time have any details as to stylistic changes over time. as far as we can tell, Children's clothing was remarably unchanged during the Roman era.
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