** school education : Montenegro








Montenegro: Education


Figure 1.--The photo was taken in Tuzi, Montenegro (February 1920). It was used in the 'Red Cross Magazine' (March 10, 1920). Note the American flag and a uniformed American Red Cross represebtative. (The Ameriucan Red Cross workers wore army unifirms during World War I.) The American Givernment ysed the Red Criss to diutribute foof relief adter the War. They also provided school equipment. supplies, and even some clothing to the children, perhaps the western style dresses and other garments. We are not sure when the photograph was taken, but given how the children are dressed it would not have been February, probably about Septembrer 1919. Although the photo was taken during the Winter, all the children are barefoot. Note how many of the boys are still wearing fezes and how few girls are attending school. Source: Library of Congress LC-A6195- 9707

Monenegro was a part of the Ottomsn Empire. There was no Ottoman public ediucation syste. lliteracy was a serious problem, especuially among women. Montenegro under Nicolas I began its movemeny toward indepence (1860). The Ottomans were able to suppress the movement even whemn Serbia became involved. Independence was not fully change until the the Russo-Turkish War (1887-88). Even before full indepedence was achieved, the Montenegrans began opening schools. There were only a few primary schools in Montenegro under Ottoman rule. As Montenegro moved toward independence many new schools were opened -- 72 new schools (1868-75). They were small schools teaching some 3,000 childrem Primary education was made mandatory and was free. The Government opened a teachers' seminary school and the Girls' Institute were opened in Cetinje (1869). he Girls' Institute was a specialized school to train primary school teachers. Next the Government opened an agricultural school in the newly developed town of Danilovgrad (1875). The school had to close after only 2 years becasuse of aniother indepoendenvce war with the Ottomans. A similar school opened in Podgorica (1893). The schools began to prepare a new generation of Montenegrian leaders. The first 'lower classical gymnasium' (grades 5-8) was opened (1880). It was expsnded into a 'higher classical gymnasium' (grades 9-12) (1902). One source reported 75 public and 26 private schools (1899). Nontenegro sided with Serbia in the Balkan Wars and World War I. The country was devestated by Wirld War I. This of course affected the schools. American food aid prevented starvation after the War. And there was additional aid to the schools. Montenegro became part of Yugoskavia (1923).







Additional Information

Related Links: Careful this will exit you from the Boys' Historical Clothing web site, but both sites are highly recommended .

Boys' Preparatory Schools: A lovely photographic essay on British Preparatory Schools during the 1980s with over 200 color and black and white photographs.

British Preparatory Schools: Volume I: Volume I of the Apertures Press digital E-book book on British Preparatory schools available

New Zealand Schools E-book: Apertures Press digital E-book book on New Zealand schools available







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Created: 12:39 PM 10/29/2021
Last updated: 12:39 PM 10/29/2021